Allocating medical resources fairly: the CSG bioethics guide / Asignación justa de recursos médicos: guía bioética del CSG

Abstract On April 12, 2020, a bioethics guide for allocating scarce hospital resources during the current Covid-19 pandemic was posted on the website of the Consejo de Salubridad General (CSG) of the Government of Mexico. The guide, entitled Guía bioética para asignación de recursos limitados de medicina crítica en situación de emergencia, was intended as a preliminary document, but the website posting did not describe it as a first step in the process. The publicity resulted in a wide array of comments and criticisms. That first version posted on the CSG website contained an age-based criterion for breaking a tie between two or more medically eligible patients who needed of a ventilator: younger patients would have preference over older ones. The final version of the guide eliminated that criterion and instead, relied on the leading public health principle, "save the most lives", without regard to personal characteristics other than the possibility of benefitting from the scarce medical resources.

Resumen El 12 de abril de 2020, se publicó en el sitio web del Consejo de Salubridad General (CSG) del Gobierno de México una guía de bioética para asignar recursos hospitalarios escasos durante la actual pandemia de Covid-19. La guía titulada Guía bioética para asignación de recursos limitados de medicina crítica en situación de emergencia pretendía ser un documento preliminar, pero la publicación en el sitio web no lo describió como un primer paso en el proceso. La publicación resultó en una amplia gama de comentarios y críticas. La primera versión publicada en el sitio web del CSG contenía un criterio basado en la edad para romper el empate entre dos o más pacientes médicamente elegibles que necesitaran un ventilador: los pacientes más jóvenes tendrían preferencia sobre los de mayor edad. La versión final de la guía eliminó ese criterio y, en cambio, se basó en el principio principal de salud pública, "salvar la mayoría de las vidas", sin tener en cuenta las características personales que no sean la posibilidad de beneficiarse de los escasos recursos médicos.

Guía bioética de asignación de recursos de medicina crítica del Consejo de Salubridad General en México / Bioethics guide on scarce medical resource allocation in Mexico

Resumen El tema bioético sobre la asignación de recursos escasos no es nuevo, todos los países que han sido gravemente afectados por el SARS-CoV-2 han tenido que desarrollar y utilizar guías de triaje. Esto resulta más adecuado pues así la asignación de recursos limitados se hace de manera ética y justa, y no de manera discrecional y abierta a la corrupción. En México, en anticipación a la fase exponencial de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, el 30 de abril el Consejo de Salubridad General publicó la Guía bioética para asignación de recursos limitados de medicina crítica en situación de emergencia. Dicha guía tiene como base criterios de justicia social y parte de la tesis: todas las vidas tienen el mismo valor. Este texto tiene como objetivo proporcionar las razones bioéticas y biojurídicas que conforman esta guía de triaje en nuestro país. En resumen, proporciona una breve exploración de las razones éticas que justifican cierta manera específica de asignar recursos escasos en medicina crítica, así como del sustento procedimental apegado a los estándares en materia de derechos humanos.

Abstract The bioethical inquiry about allocating fairly scarce health resources is not new, all countries around the world that were seriously afflicted by SARS-CoV-2 have issued triage guidelines in order to address the dilemmas raised by the pandemic. There is no question about the need to create bioethical guidelines, since its creation provides a degree of certainty that fair and ethical decisions are taken. This also prevents that decisions are made in solitary and maybe motivated by corrupted actions. In Mexico, the creation of this guideline was a proactive and preventive measure to what was unavoidable, the exponential contagion phase of the pandemical scenario caused by Covid-19. On April 30, 2020 the General Sanitary Council published the Bioethical Guide to Allocate Scarce Resources on Critical Care Medicine in Emergency Situation. This guide has at its core that principle of utmost importance in social justice which main thesis is: "All lives have the same value". The aim of this contribution is to provide the ethical and legal principles established in the aforementioned bioethical guideline. In sum, a brief exploration of the ethical reasons that support a specific way to allocate scarce health resources is provided, as well as the foundations of the procedural part from a human rights-based approach.

Limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en cuidados intensivos pediátricos: conocimiento y actitudes bioéticas del profesional médico / Limitation of therapeutic effort in Paediatric Intensive Care Units: bioethical knowledge and attitudes of the medical profession

Los cuidados intensivos pediátricos son una especialidad nueva, con importantes avances tecnológicos que pueden prolongar el proceso de morir. Uno de los problemas bioéticos frecuentes es la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico, que es la adecuación y/o proporcionalidad del tratamiento tratando de evitar obstinación y futilidad. OBJETIVO Conocer la experiencia de médicos que trabajan en unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCIP) ante decisiones ético-clínicas. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, aplicando una encuesta anónima a médicos de UCIP, solicitando datos sobre problemas éticos que se generan en la atención al niño crítico y su procedimiento de resolución. Aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Investigación de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad del Desarrollo-Clínica Alemana. RESULTADOS Respondieron 126 médicos de 34 UCIP de Chile. El 98,41% ha tomado decisiones de limitación terapéutica. El tipo de limitación más frecuente mencionado fue la orden de no reanimar (n = 119), seguido por la no instauración de medicamentos (n = 113), limitación de ingreso a UCIP (n = 81), siendo la menos mencionada la retirada de tratamientos (n = 81). El 34,13% consideró que existían diferencias éticas entre no instaurar o retirar un determinado tratamiento. CONCLUSIONES Los dilemas ético-clínicos son comunes en la UCIP, siendo frecuentes las decisiones de limitación terapéutica. Muchos médicos reconocen no poseer conocimientos en ética clínica y necesitar formación continua en bioética.

Paediatric intensive care is a relatively new specialty, with significant technological advances that lead to the prolongation of the dying process. One of the most common bioethical problems is limitation of treatment, which is the adequacy and/or proportionality treatment, trying to avoid obstinacy and futility. OBJECTIVE To determine the experience of physicians working in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) when faced with bioethical decisions. SUBJECTS AND METHOD An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire sent to physicians working in PICU. The data requested was related to potential ethical problems generated in the care of the critical child, and the procedure for their resolution. The study was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Faculty of Medicine UDD CAS. RESULTS A total of 126 completed questionnaires were received from physicians working in 34 PICU in Chile. Almost all (98.41%) of them acknowledged having taken therapeutic limitation decisions (TLD). The most common type of TLD mentioned was the Do Not Resuscitate order (n = 119), followed by the establishment of no medications (n = 113), limited admission to PICU (n = 81), with the withdrawal of treatment being the least mentioned (n = 81). Around one-third (34.13%) felt that there were no ethical difference between introducing or removing certain treatments. CONCLUSIONS Bioethical dilemmas are common in the PICU, with therapeutic limitation decisions being frequent. Many recognise not having expertise in clinical ethics, and they need continuing education in bioethics.

Lectura clínica de una sentencia judicial: el derecho a la vida y su aplicación en la toma de decisiones clínicas / Clinical interpretation of a court ruling: the right to life and its application in clinical decision making

En el año 2009 se conoce el caso de un niño afectado de leucemia aguda linfoblástica. Es tratado con buen resultado y se obtiene la remisión completa, pero más tarde aparece una recidiva. Los padres no otorgan su consentimiento para el tratamiento, generando un conflicto que llega al mundo judicial y da lugar a dos fallos de gran interés para los profesionales de la salud. Por una parte se señala qué signfica en la práctica clínica el derecho a la vida. Por otra, se desarrolla el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre los menores con base en la teoría del menor maduro, un hito jurispridencial en Chile. Con el propósito de contribuir a esclarecer el significado de la sentencia de la Corte de Apelaciones de Valdivia, se expone su contenido en términos clínicos y se concluye con las aportaciones más significativas.

In 2009, the case of a child affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia took place. He is treated with good results resulting in complete remission, but relapse occurred later. The parents did not consent to the new treatment, creating a conflict that reaches the legal world and leads to two court rulings of great interest to health professionals. One explained the meaning of the right to life in the clinical practice, and the other dealt with the decision-making process regarding minors based on the theory of the mature minor doctrine, a jurisprudential milestone in Chile. In order to help clarify the meaning of the ruling of the Corte de Apelaciones of Valdivia, its content is presented in clinical terms and ended with the most significant contributions.

Termination of ventilatory support of a patient under compulsion, who is not yet brain dead

Clinicians are more comfortable psychologically in withholding a treatment than withdrawing it. Reasons for this are related to the fact that withholding is passive, whereas withdrawing is active and associated with a greater sense of moral responsibility. Withdrawing or terminating ventilation in Intensive Care Unit [ICU], even in a terminally sick patient, needs thoughtful review, particularly in those patients who are not yet brain dead. So many arguments may be offered against termination of ventilatory support. Ventilation is a part of palliative care which is always instituted to improve the quality of life and to relieve physical as well as psychosocial problems. Age is a very important factor as younger patients have a greater chance to improve than elderly, if the brain is not yet dead. Even during end of life care, not only ventilation is continued, but antibiotics, nutrition and care of bed-sores etc is also continued. As far as moral principles are concerned, termination of ventilation or withholding it, are equivalent in terms of medical ethics. Dignity of dying is as vital and important as dignity of living. One can always justify continuation of ventilation on ethical grounds. There is clinical precedence for this practice. In the opinion of the Supreme Court, withdrawing of life support should be considered synonymous as a kind of euthanasia. So, the termination of ventilation under compulsion would stand illegal and unlawful. Discontinuation of ventilation on economic reasons must be considered immoral and irrational. Sometimes the decision of terminating ventilatory support may be taken in the absence of interdisciplinary communication or that with the family of the patient. Many religious beliefs argue against the termination of ventilation. There are some religious groups who even challenge the existing brain death criteria. I would suggest that all these factors should be considered before taking the decision to terminate the ventilatory support under compulsion in a terminally sick patient, whose is not yet brain dead

cross-sectional study of knowledge and attitudes of medical professionals towards end-of-life decisions in teaching hospitals of Kandy District [Sri Lanka]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes about Do Not Resuscitate orders, Advance Directives and Withdrawal or Withholding of life-sustaining therapy among medical professionals. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in three teaching hospitals, General Hospital Kandy, Teaching Hospital Peradeniya and Teaching Hospital Gampola of Kandy District [Sri Lanka]. 232 medical professionals were randomly selected. Data were collected using a pre-tested self administered questionnaire. The knowledge and attitude was assessed with regard to 'Advance Directives', DNR orders and 'withdrawal/ withholding life sustaining care', by scenario based questions and several close-ended questions. Data were analyzed with SPSS v17.0 and Pearson Chi Square was calculated. The age range of the study population [n=232] was 26-56 years and majority of the participants were male [64.2%]. Most of the medical professionals were Buddhists [88.4%]. Out of the subjects, 66.8% [p<0.001] had heard the term 'DNR', while 26.3% knew the correct meaning and 68.1% [p<0.001] thought it to be ethical to practice it in Sri Lanka. The number of medical professionals feeling that patient, doctor or the family should have the right to decide on end-of-life decisions was 62.9% [p=0.005], 62.9% [p=0.005] and 46.6% [p=0.46] respectively. 20.7% had heard about 'Advance Directives' but only 12.1% knew the correct meaning; 62.5% had heard about 'withdrawal/withholding of life sustaining therapy' [p=0.006] and 65.9% opined that it should be implemented in Sri Lanka [p<0.001]. The knowledge about end-of-life decisions among medical professionals working in three major teaching hospitals of Kandy district is inadequate. The majority of the medical doctors have positive attitude towards end-of-life decisions implementation in Sri Lanka

Toma de decisiones éticas: ¿cuándo una limitación es realmente correcta? / Ethical decision making: when a limitation is really true?

El objetivo del presente artículo es realizar el análisis de una situación acontecida en una unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI) que requiere una toma de decisión, la cual tiene como consecuencia la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en una paciente, generando implicaciones éticas para el personal a cargo. Se describe el caso clínico y a continuación se realiza el análisis mediante el Modelo de Toma de Decisiones del Hastings Center. Este modelo permite la aproximación a la situación a partir de los valores subyacentes. Como comentarios especiales, resaltar la necesidad de realizar la toma de decisiones en equipo, brindar información clara, oportuna y veraz a los familiares del paciente y respetar las decisiones que estos puedan tomar.

The aim of this paper is to perform the analysis of a situation, given in an intensive care unit that requires a decision-making which results in the limitation of treatment in a patient, generating ethical implications for staff in charge. We describe the clinical case and then the analysis is performed using the model of decision making Hastings Center. This model allows the approach to the situation from the underlying values. As special comments, highlight the need for decision making in teams, providing clear, timely and reliable information to relatives of the patient and respect the decisions that they can make.

Suspensão de tratamentos em unidades de terapia intensiva e seus fundamentos éticos / Treatment suspension and the ethical values in Intensive Care Units: a survey on the Portuguese reality

Apesar dos sofisticados e dispendiosos recursos disponíveis nas unidades de terapia intensiva, por vezes, em determinadas situaçães, é decidido suspender tratamentos extraordinários. Este trabalho surgiu da necessidade de saber quais são os fundamentos éticos que os enfermeiros portugueses consideram estar na base da decisão de suspender tratamentos extraordinários em unidades de terapia intensiva. Foi realizada intensa pesquisa bibliográfica e colocadas várias questães orientadoras, tendo por campo de estudo um total de nove unidades de terapia intensiva e uma amostra de 146 enfermeiros, e os dados obtidos foram estatisticamente tratados com base no programa SPSS 11,0. Concluiu-se que os enfermeiros consideram que na base da decisão de suspender tratamentos extraordinários se encontra uma preocupação com aspectos relativos ao cuidado, que se traduzem na morte no tempo certo, sem adiamento ou antecipação, sem sofrimento e com base nos princípios da beneficência e não maleficência, valorizando mais o bem individual do que o bem comum.

Modos de morir en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños del Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell / Modes of death in the Children Intensive Care Unit at the Pediatric Hospital in the Pereira

Introducción: el estudio de modos de morir de los niños internados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos es indispensable para el manejo ético en la aplicación y limitación de tecnología. Objetivos: describir modos de morir y factores en el proceso de decisión de limitación del sostén vital de los fallecidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de niños (UCIN) y contribuir a la elección deprocesos de finalización de vida más dignos. Material y método: estudio observacional prospectivo que incluyó los fallecidos entre el 1º de enero de2005 y el 30 de junio de 2007. Se clasificaron las muertes en cuatro grupos: fallo de la reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP), no resucitación (no RCP), limitación o retiro del sostén vital (L/RSV) y muerte cerebral (MC).Se utilizó el test de chi cuadrado para las variables cualitativas, análisis de varianza para las cuantitativas y regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: 129 casos. La proporción de los modos de morir fue: RCP 51%; no RCP 12%; L/R SV 15,5% y MC 21%. Edad, tiempo de estadía y presencia de enfermedad crónica (EC) fuerondeterminantes significativos de los modos de morir. La familia participó en el 76% de las decisiones. En la modalidad de limitación del sostén vital no se progresó en el tratamiento en 75% y no se colocó en 20%.Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes recibieron reanimación cardiopulmonar. Edad, tiempo deestadía y enfermedad crónica fueron determinantes significativas de modos de morir. En los que se realizó limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico la estadía fue mayor y también la enfermedadcrónica. Predominó la falta de progresión frente a la no colocación de sostén vital. La participación de la familia en las decisiones fue elevada.

Introduction: studying the modes of death in children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit is essentialfor the ethical handling of application and limitation of technology.Objective: to describe the modes of death and factors leading to withdrawal or limitation of life support in a pediatricintensive care unit and to contribute to the selection of a more humane end-of-life process. Method: we conducted a prospective observational study which included infants dying from January 1, 2005 to June 30, 2007. Deaths were classified into four categories:ineffective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), nocardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), limitation or withdrawal of life support and brain death. We applied a chi-square test of qualitative variables,analysis of variance of quantitative variables and polynomial logistics regression. Results: 129 cases. The modes of death proportion was: CPR- 51%; no CPR - 12%; limitation or withdrawal of life support - 15.5% and brain death - 21%. Age, length ofstay and chronic disease were significant factors that influenced the modes of death. Family members participated in 76% of the decisions made. As to the limitation of lifesupport modality, in 75% of cases it was interrupted and in 20 % of cases it was not initiated. Conclusions: Most patients received cardiopulmonaryresuscitation. Age, length of stay and chronic disease had a significant influence on the modes of death. Upon the limitation of therapeutic efforts, the length of stay was longer, as well as in the case of chronic disease. Withdrawalof treatment prevailed over noninitiation of life support. The participation of family members in making a life or death decision was high.

Introdução: o estudo do modo de morrer das crianças internadas em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica é indispensável para o manejo ético da aplicação e limitação do uso de tecnologia. Objetivos: descrever o modo de morrer e os fatores do processo de decisão de limitação do suporte de vida das crianças falecidas na unidade de terapia intensiva infantil (UCIN) e contribuir para a escolha de processos de finalização de vida mais dignos.Material e método: estudo observacional prospectivo que incluiu os óbitos ocorridos no período compreendidoentre o dia 1º de enero de 2005 e 30 de junho de 2007. As mortes foram classificadas em quatro grupos: falhada reanimação cardiorrespiratória (RCP), não reanimação (no RCP), limitação ou retirada de medidas de suporte de vida (L/RSV) e morte cerebral (MC). Para a análise das variáveis qualitativas foi empregadoo teste de Qui quadrado e para as quantitativas análises de varianza e, regressão logística multinomial.Resultados: 129 casos. A proporção dos modos de morrer foram: RCP 51%; no RCP 12%; L/R SV 15,5% e MC21%. A idade, o tempo de permanência e a presença de doença crônica (EC) foram fatores determinantes significativos dos modos de morrer. A família participou en 76% das decisões.No grupo de limitação de medidas de suporte de vida em 75% dos casos não se continuou com o tratamento eem 20% não foram adotadas medidas com esse fim. Conclusões: a maioria dos pacientes recebeu reanimaçãocardiorrespiratória. A idade, tempo de permanência e doença crônica foram fatores determinantes significativosdo modo de morrer. Nos pacientes aos quais a limitação do esforçoterapêutico foi realizada, a permanência foi maior e também a doença crônica. A falta de progressão foi predominanteem relação a não colocação de suporte de vida. A participação da família na tomada de decisões foi alta.